Consistent with this suggestion, studies have revealed that backward recall loads onto the same factor as working memory measures such as counting span and listening span, whereas forward recall loads onto to a separable short-term memory factor (e.g., Alloway et al., 2006 Alloway, Gathercole, Willis & Adams, 2004 Gathercole, Pickering, Ambridge & Wearing, 2004). However, backward recall is also considered to require an attention-demanding transformation of the digit sequence, thus classifying this task as a complex span measure of working memory (e.g., Alloway, Gathercole & Pickering, 2006 The Psychological Corporation, 2002, p. According to this view, both forward and backward recall employ short-term phonological storage (i.e., short-term memory). One dominant view explains the differences in terms of attentional demands. Several approaches have been taken to account for differences between forward and backward recall. Evidence suggests that the effects are either absent or greatly attenuated when participants are asked to recall items in reverse order (e.g., Bireta et al., 2010 Madigan, 1971 Tehan & Mills, 2007). Recall direction also interacts with the prevalence of traditional short-term memory effects, including those of word length, irrelevant speech, phonological similarity, and concurrent articulation (e.g., Bireta et al., 2010). Studies have shown both primacy (advantage for early list items) and recency (advantage for late list items) effects for forward recall but minimal primacy and steeper recency for backward recall (e.g., Bireta, Fry, Jalbert, Neath, Suprenant, Tehan & Tolan, 2010 Li & Lewandowsky, 1995). Direction of recall is known to be an important determinant of performance, with participants typically achieving higher scores when recalling items in their original (forward) order, relative to reverse or backward order (e.g., Li & Lewandowsky, 1995 St Clair-Thompson, 2010 but see Anderson, Bothell, Lebiere & Matessa, 1998).
#Backward digit span eprime serial#
In immediate serial recall, participants are presented with series of stimuli and are asked to recall them. The findings are discussed in terms of both theoretical and practical implications. These results were replicated in Experiment 5, in which the same list length was used for forward and backward recall tasks. However, in Experiment 4, it was presented during the recall phase, and the results provided evidence of a role for visual imagery in backward digit recall. In Experiment 3, DVN was presented during encoding of information to be remembered and had no effect upon performance. Experiments 3 and 4 then further investigated the role of visual processes in forward and backward recall using dynamic visual noise (DVN). Experiment 2 shifted concurrent load to the recall phase instead and, in this case, revealed a larger effect of both tasks on backward recall, relative to forwards recall, suggesting that backward recall may draw on additional resources during the recall phase and that these resources are visuospatial in nature. The concurrent tasks did not differentially disrupt performance on backward digit recall, relative to forward digit recall. In the first, participants completed visuospatial 0-back and 2-back tasks during the encoding of information to be remembered. Five experiments therefore investigated the role of executive-attentional and visuospatial resources in both forward and backward digit recall. Some researchers consider it to differ from forward digit recall due to the involvement of executive control, while others suggest that backward recall involves visuospatial resources. Results supported measurement invariance and it was concluded that forward and backward digit span scores should be interpreted as measures of the same cognitive ability.There is some debate surrounding the cognitive resources underlying backward digit recall. Measurement invariance tests of the precise numerical generalization of trait estimation across groups. The model for Digit Span was then cross-validated in a seizure disorders sample (n = 223) by replication of the CFA and by examination of measurement invariance. Results suggested that four correlated factors underlie Digit Span, reflecting easy and hard items in both forward and backward presentation orders. The present study explored the dimensionality of the Wechsler Memory Scale-III Digit Span (forward and backward) items in a sample of heterogeneous neuroscience patients (n = 267) using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) for dichotomous items. Some published research suggests that Digit Span forward should be interpreted differently from Digit Span backward. The Digit Span subtest from the Wechsler Scales is used to measure Freedom from Distractibility or Working Memory.
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